Arto's Blog

Upon leaving South Georgia, our captain set the course towards Cape Town in South Africa, across the Atlantic Ocean. That meant about three weeks of sailing day and night, with only one planned short stop on the way: the small volcanic island Tristan da Cunha. For Sandra and me, it was the first time to cross an ocean on a ship, and to do it using wind power was even more amazing.

Well remembering our struggles with seasickness during the last two legs of sailing, we tried a different medicine (cinnarizine) of which Bark Europa luckily had small reserves on board. And it helped! During heavy seas we still felt somewhat uneasy, particularly in areas under the deck without windows, but it was a big improvement to our earlier situation. Now we could take part in our work shifts normally, attend all lectures and actually enjoy the sailing. :-) A special thanks to mate Elskarin, who supported us earlier during the difficult times and arranged us the medicine which helped.

During clear nights we enjoyed a superb view of the Milky Way and hundreds of other stars above us. In the middle of the ocean there weren't any settlements nearby causing light pollution, and Bark Europa mainly had lights on only inside. We had guided stargazing sessions organized by Eduardo, who as an astronomy teacher had extensive knowledge of the stars and was enthusiastic about his topic. We learned to recognize some of the brightest stars and well known constellations on the southern hemisphere, the difference of a planet and a star, and to read from the sky in which direction the South Pole is — the most basic form of navigation.

Most of the nights were, however, not clear, more typical weather was cloudy with occasional rain. Winds are often the strongest just on the border between high and low pressure weather systems, and that's what a sailing ship needs to get forwards. With the help of modern satellite connections, the captain downloaded a weather forecast every day and tried to find the most favourable winds for us. During the leg from South Georgia until Tristan da Cunha, the sailing was supported with the engine a few times, the last leg from Tristan to Cape Town was done exclusively on sails.

Our typical speed was between 5 and 8 knots, or between 9 and 17 kilometres per hour. During good winds we could sometimes maintain an average of over 10 knots for several hours, but that needed a wind which was not only strong but also stable enough. In stable conditions an optimal amount of sails could be set, whereas during a weather including gusts of considerably higher force than the base speed of the wind, more sails had to be taken down to avoid breaking them. Despite that a few sails did break, that belongs to the life on a sailing ship. Of course the ship had spares and all necessary tools on board to carry out repairs on the way.

Each day, we were two times four hours on watch, which consisted of work shifts at the lookout, at the helm (steering the ship) and of helping to set, adjust and take down sails when needed. That gave an opportunity to learn not only in theory but also in practise how the sails and the ship behave in different wind conditions. The general idea of how each sail is controlled with ropes was easy to grasp, but remembering which rope goes where needed considerable time and effort. Many didn't learn all the ropes even by the end of the voyage, which cannot only be blamed on our laziness but also on the quite complex arrangement of the ropes on Bark Europa. Nevertheless, most people did learn the most commonly used ropes, and how to handle a rope when it was assigned to them, which was enough to give a hand when the action was coordinated by a member of the permanent crew.

Another task in sail handling was furling, which means tying the sails against their wooden stays when taking them down (to avoid unused sails catching wind), and respectively unfurling when setting the sails again. To do that it was necessary to climb up the masts, even until the top, in all weather conditions. The permanent crew took care of it in hard weather, otherwise we, the voyage crew, were encouraged to participate too. Nobody was forced to climb, it was done on a voluntary basis, as much as each person felt comfortable with. We had climbing harnesses to secure ourselves to metal wires, but it was still quite an adrenaline rush to climb high up when it was windy. And climbing up was of course not of any use in itself, you had to use your hands for tying and untying ropes instead of just holding tight to the nearest structure. My respect to the brave guys and girls who did that in the middle of the night in heavy rain. In beautiful, sunny weather we of course also climbed up the masts just for fun, to enjoy the view and to take photos.

The lecture programs continued with new topics, including sailing and navigation, weather observations, ocean currents and ecosystems, our solar system and the universe, and Jordi's favourite, large seaweeds called kelp. The voyage crew were also encouraged to share their knowledge, which resulted in talks about quite a variety of themes, including being shipwrecked (Adam), the Falkland War (James), United Nations refugee work (Helen) and working in a missile silo (Glen). Additionally we watched some documentaries and movies, read books, played card games and had a few special events such as painting Easter eggs and a series of friendly competitions called the Ship's Olympics. So the answer to perhaps the most common question presented to us, "Won't you get bored on such a long sailing trip" is "No, there wasn't any risk of it."

Every evening after dinner everybody gathered to the deckhouse to the "Eight o'clockie" hosted by the captain. He reviewed the last 24 hours of sailing, pointed our position on the map and showed the weather forecast for the upcoming night and day. Our guides continued with announcements and other general information everybody should know. Those were almost the only times we were all together. After the official part the bar was open and the deckhouse was the place to socialize, but many also returned to their cabins to sleep or read, had work shifts or something else to do.

In the middle of the ocean there weren't as many animals around as near the coastline. Still, a few times we saw whales or dolphins, and some birds such as albatrosses and petrels flew to their fishing trips hundreds of kilometres off the land. The temperatures went up considerably after we left the cold Antarctic waters, but mostly we still needed a long sleeve or a jacket (or both) when being outside. There were times when a t-shirt was sufficient, but sunbathing on the deck with just bikinis on, the sailing ship smoothly gliding forwards in tropical waters, didn't happen on this voyage. We didn't mind, we had joined for an experience and an adventure, not a luxury cruise in the Caribbean.

With limited number of days in an exciting region, it's easy to end up in a continuous rush of walking, changing lenses, taking more photos and trying not to miss anything worth seeing. Wisely, our guide Eduardo reminded us also to stop, put the camera down, look around and appreciate being in such a unique place.

An excellent chance to do that was at Ocean's Harbor, a sheltered bay with an old ship wreck slowly rusting near the shore. There were animals around but no large busy colonies of penguins or seals. We didn't have any walk led by the guides, just the usual transfer to the shore by zodiacs and a time to be picked up at the same spot. As expected, people spread in different directions in small groups or alone.

It was a warm, sunny day, almost no wind. We walked first along the beach and then climbed a little bit up the hillside. There we sat down on the grass and observed the bay from above. Next to us was a small creek with tiny pools where the water stopped on its way down to the sea. A solitary fur seal was swimming in one of the pools, rolling around and clearly enjoying the bath. Cormorants were nesting in the ship wreck which already had grass growing on the deck. In the background, the sun was setting behind the mountains, whose shadow covered more and more of the bay as the evening approached. On the way back to the pick up point, we saw a couple of South Georgia pintails, the only duck species living on the island.

Another new species for us were the macaroni penguins, which we could see during two landings. The funniest place to observe them was at a rocky shore near Cobbler's Cove, where they were coming out from the sea and climbing towards their colony. Wingless as penguins are, they couldn't simply fly over the cliffs like other birds. Jumping from rock to rock and zigzagging to find a passable route, they made their way across the tricky terrain.

Our last big penguin colony was at St. Andrew's Bay, a postcard view of high snow-capped mountains, glaciers and a river flowing to the sea between green grass fields and tens of thousands of king penguins. Nearby at Gold Harbour the same afternoon we were still surrounded by lots of action and sounds, including a large and smelly bunch of elephant seals spreading sand over each other and plenty of snowy sheathbills, one of the smaller bird species, bathing in the freshwater pools. Then we headed to the south-east corner of the island, where we anchored in a small bay inside the Drygalski fjord.

Around midnight we woke up to a loud bang. During the night, a strong katabatic wind had developed and just blown us off the anchor against underwater rocks. The ship wasn't damaged, but some tricky maneuvering was needed. The captain turned on the engines and navigated us out of the fjord in the darkness, between icebergs. Still in the morning, a strong wind was blowing and prevented us of doing the planned cruise inside the fjord. Instead, we went to see our last macaroni penguins in Cooper Bay, wading between some of the tallest patches of tussock grass we had seen.

Day by day on both Antarctica and South Georgia we got more used to all the animals around us, but never became bored to observe them. It was simply wonderful to be able to see all of them so close in their natural environment, unlike in any other place we had earlier been to. Penguins remained our favourites, they were simply so cute and funny that it was hard to resist not to give one of them a hug. When the days were up and we started sailing east on March 25th, it was a slightly melancholic moment to say good bye to this very special corner of our planet.

South Georgia has not always been the kind of nature sanctuary we were visiting. It used to be seal hunting grounds at the end of the 18th and during the 19th century, and a hub of the whaling industry until 1960s. Especially from the whaling period there are many old buildings and other constructions. They are nowadays slowly disintegrating due to lack of maintenance, but will most likely remain for hundreds of years. Now under protection, seal populations have recovered well from near extinction. Whales have a much longer breeding cycle and are still a rare sight in South Georgian waters.

Due to the facilities which were manned all year round, South Georgia was also an important starting point for Antarctic exploration. Explorers would come in with their ships and get supplies for the last time before sailing south towards the unknown. The most famous of them was Sir Ernest Shackleton, whose heritage is kept alive on the island by the South Georgia Heritage Trust. The Trust also maintains a whaling museum and runs various projects in order to preserve the historical sites and to protect the wildlife on the island.

We started our Museum visit by landing next to the graveyard in Grytviken bay, where Shackleton and his fellow explorer Frank Wild are buried amongst the whalers who lived and worked on the site. According to traditions, the ship barkeeper Andy held a short speech and we all raised a toast of whisky at Shackleton's grave. Then we continued towards the whaling station remains and the museum building, guided by Sarah, the museum director.

Due to removal of asbestos and other security concerns, most of the whaling station buildings have been dismantled, leaving the huge kettles, engines and other parts of the processing lines exposed to the elements of the nature. Although nowadays standing still, the slowly rusting pieces of heavy machinery and the old whaling ship wrecks at the shore are a powerful reminder of a bloody chapter in the history of the island.

Inside the museum the atmosphere was warmer, presenting the more human side of the story. There we could see how the whalers lived, as well as to learn more about explorers connected to South Georgia and about the nature of the island. One particularly fascinating exhibit was the replica of James Caird, the lifeboat with which Shackleton sailed 800 nautical miles over stormy seas to South Georgia in order to rescue himself and his men almost a hundred years ago. Having just sailed the same route on a much larger ship helped to imagine how it had been in a small boat, in rougher weather and almost without supplies.

After a too short visit in the museum, quickly popping in the souvenir shop and mailing some post cards at the post office, we returned to Bark Europa for an evening barbecue. Also the museum staff, scientists and South Georgia government employees working at Grytviken were invited, giving us a chance to chat with them and get to know how they live on the island. As on Antarctica, almost all are there only for the summer season, only a few remain through the winter.

Not only South Georgia, but the whole experience of travelling on the Bark Europa is partly a pilgrimage following the footsteps of early explorers. Their travels and discoveries are remembered, and the ship route include visits on sites of historical importance. On this trip, we visited several sites where the Nordenskjöld expedition had been during 1902-1904 and walked a part of Shackleton's famous crossing of South Georgia in 1916. During the lectures, we also heard about earlier sailing expeditions to find routes across the oceans and around the world since the middle ages, about Nansen's polar explorations and about Amundsen's and Scott's race to the South Pole.

Nowadays satellite imagery, the global positioning system (GPS) and other technologies have completely changed the way we travel and look at the world. Bark Europa is equipped with modern navigation devices too, but we also get a chance to learn how to figure out our position using dead reckoning and the sextant, how to measure the speed of the ship using traditional methods and how to navigate using the stars.

On March 19th, after eight nights and seven and a half days of sailing we arrived in South Georgia. Compared to the world of rocks, ice and snow in South Shetlands and Antarctica, it seemed like a green paradise. Far from tropical, it was still a harsh landscape with rocky mountains, glaciers and no trees, but the lower altitudes were covered with grass and moss, which gave the island a friendlier appearance.

Fur seal pups were playing in the water and on the beaches, or resting on top of patches of tussock grass. Penguins waddled in between, elephant seals lay in big groups and made burping sounds on the beaches, albatrosses, petrels and other sea birds flew around, all busy in their own activities. Overall, wildlife was even more abundant as it had been in Antarctica, and there were some new species and more youngsters to see. In Antarctica, the breeding season had already finished at this time of the year, but in slightly warmer South Georgia it was still going on.

We had a wonderful welcome by king penguins, who swam to our ship in large numbers curious to see who were coming for a visit. Shortly afterwards we had our first landing at Right Whale Bay and were able to observe them on land too. Unlike smaller penguins, king penguins live on the island all year around and don't all lay their eggs at the same time, so we were able to see their offspring in all stages of development. There were mothers taking care of tiny chicks and brown fluffy youngsters already walking around on their own, between thousands of bright white-orange-grey colored adults.

The following day at Salisbury Plain we visited an even larger king penguin colony and had our first experience of the terrain. Due to large swell we couldn't land at the main beach but had to search for a more protected spot around the corner. From there, it was a 2 km walk to the colony over tussock grass and along the beach. The grass, which looked like a green mat from the distance, consisted of big patches with mud in between. Seals were lurking in every direction, some of them still mothers feeding their pups, which made it a small challenge to find our way through. Sandra and I didn't mind, for us the walk to the colony and back was as interesting as the colony itself.

Our first day in South Georgia was cloudy and partly rainy, but during the following five days we were lucky and had sunny weather. The sunshine made the mosses on the ground shine in various shades of green and the landscapes were magnificent. We did a few hikes which brought us a couple of kilometers inland and to lookout points up to about 300 meters of altitude. Almost all the wildlife was concentrated near the sea, so it was quite a difference between the busy and noisy shores and the calm, quiet inland. We walked in a group but had many breaks and it was possible to sometimes stay a bit behind to enjoy the silence.

After one week of wonderful landings in Antarctica, we started sailing towards South Georgia, a subantarctic island about 800 nautical miles north-east from the Antarctic Peninsula. The wind was against us, and Bark Europa like most old tall ships cannot sail in a very sharp angle against the wind. Therefore we headed first north-west and later turned eastwards towards our destination, catching a more favorable wind.

During the first day we had waves coming from several directions and the ship moved a lot, both back and forth and from side to side. It didn't take long before Sandra and I were seasick again. We were not alone — more than half of the people on board got sick, including several members of the crew.

Some more experienced sailors recommended not take any pills: it might be worse in the beginning but be over sooner. We followed their advice, hoping to get used to the movement in 1-3 days, as most of the people did. Unfortunately we both didn't, and struggled for the whole week until South Georgia. It was a challenge not only physically but psychologically, trying to keep the mood up and enjoy the otherwise exciting trip.

How is it then to be seasick? I would describe it as similar to having a stomach flu, but with a couple of differences. Firstly, seasickness doesn't take the feeling of hunger away. So you might throw up several times but still feel hungry and willing to eat. That is actually good, it's healthy to drink and try to eat something even if the food wouldn't stay inside, but it's a strange feeling. Secondly, the symptoms are very much dependent on what you do on the ship. General advice such as "go out, watch the waves, don't look down and read a book" is easy to give and to find, but eventually you have to experiment yourself to find out what you can do and which activities are better to avoid. The feedback comes quickly, it might be unpleasant but not deadly. ;-)

The program on Bark Europa doesn't let anyone become bored during the sailing days. Everyone is expected to take part in the watch system where the day is divided in three watches: 12 to 4, 4 to 8 and 8 to 12. During the Antarctica – South Georgia leg Sandra and I were in the 4 to 8 watch, which means that our daily working times were from 4 to 8 am and from 4 to 8 pm. Each four hours included usually 3 half an hour shifts of being either at the lookout (watching the sea in front of the ship and reporting any obstacles or potential dangers) or at the helm (steering the ship to a direction given by the captain). The rest of the time was being available to help on the deck — which might mean a lot of rope pulling on a busy day or night, or an opportunity to take it easy and socialize at the deckhouse when the wind is steady and there is less to do. Cleaning and cooking was taken care by the permanent crew, although we did some potato peeling and other minor tasks.

In addition to the watches and practical sailing lessons there was a very interesting educational program, consisting of lectures and documentaries about sailing, navigation, oceanography, history of polar exploration, polar ecosystems and wildlife in the polar regions. Each lecture was normally repeated at least once so that everybody got a chance to attend outside the hours of their watch. Our guides Jordi and Eduardo were both knowledgeable and enthusiastic about their areas of speciality, which made the lectures a pleasure to follow. There were also a few extra lectures given by members of the voyage crew (passengers) who had something interesting to share, and more leisurely activities such as playing card games or watching a movie. And every day someone had a birthday it was celebrated together at dinner time.

We participated in the watches, lectures and activities as much as we could. The wind got more steady and our feeling a bit better towards the end of the passage, but after seven and a half days on sea we were happy to see the South Georgian coastline. Like in Antarctica, as soon as we arrived in the more protected waters, our seasickness was gone as soon as it had started. A new world of mountains, rocks, snow, ice and wildlife was waiting for us, but this time there was also a lot of green to see. We would soon land and have a chance to walk on the Tussock grass.